اطلس تشريح الدواجن الجزء الثاني

أطلس مصور عن تشريح الدواجن
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هذا الأطلس الرائع لتشريح الدواجن
وهو منقول من موقع جامعة كورنيل
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نبدأ عرض الأطلس الذي سيكون عبارة عن صور للتوضع الطبيعي والشكل الطبيعي للأعضاء الداخلية مع الشرح المرافق لها :



With the bird in dorsal recumbency, the walls of the right atrium and ventricle are positioned on top. After death, the atria often expand with blood and can appear quite enlarged. The great vessels can be seen entering the base of the heart. The heart muscle should be reddish-brown in color. A variable amount of fat will be present in the coronary grooves. If the bird is emaciated, this fat may be absent or have undergone serous atrophy, resulting in a gelatinous, wet appearance. Look for any external lesions on the epicardial surface of the heart or on the surrounding fat




With the bird in dorsal recumbency, the walls of the right atrium and ventricle are positioned on top. After death, the atria often expand with blood and can appear quite enlarged. The great vessels can be seen entering the base of the heart. The heart muscle should be reddish-brown in color. A variable amount of fat will be present in the coronary grooves. If the bird is emaciated, this fat may be absent or have undergone serous atrophy, resulting in a gelatinous, wet appearance. Look for any external lesions on the epicardial surface of the heart or on the surrounding fat





The heart muscle should be reddish-brown in color. A variable amount of fat will be present in the coronary grooves. If the bird is emaciated, this fat may be absent or have undergone serous atrophy, resulting in a gelatinous, wet appearance. Look for any external lesions on the epicardial surface of the heart or on the surrounding fat

View of the left side of the heart


View of the apex of the heart




The bottom 1/3 of the apex of the heart has been removed. This view allows the thickness of the ventricular walls and septum to be assessed. The right ventricular free wall should be approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the thickness of the intraventricular septum and the left ventricular free wall. In the normal heart, the lumina of the ventricles should be small and there should be negligible space between the walls of the ventriculae and the septum. In cardiac diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension or congenital defects, this space will be widened







In this view, the chambers of the right atrium and ventricle have been opened by making a cut up the right ventricular free wall. Once opened, the right atrioventricular valve and endocardium are exposed. The septal leaf of the right valve is normally very muscular




In this view, the chambers of the left atrium and ventricle have been opened by making a cut up the left ventricular free wall. The left atrioventricular valve is normally thin and smooth




The aorta has been opened by inserting scissors under the left atrioventricular valve and cutting upward. The normal lumen of the aorta, as seen here, is creamy white and the leaflets of the aortic valve are uniform and very thin






The liver is separated into a right and left lobe, as seen here, attached at the base. The right hepatic lobe is slightly larger than the left and the liver margins should come to a thin crisp edge


In domestic birds, the left lobe has a fissure running along its surface, dividing it into 2 parts




The liver is separated into a right and left lobe, as seen here, attached at the base. The right hepatic lobe is slightly larger than the left and the liver margins should come to a thin crisp edge







Healthy hepatic parenchyma should be somewhat firm on palpation and have a smooth and glistening appearance. The color of the liver can vary depending on the nutritional state of the bird. Generally, the liver is reddish-brown but it can be light brown or even slightly yellow, depending on the fat content in the diet. However, a very yellow liver is an abnormal finding, except in chicks between 1 to 5 days of age





Healthy hepatic parenchyma should be somewhat firm on palpation and have a smooth and glistening appearance. The color of the liver can vary depending on the nutritional state of the bird. Generally, the liver is reddish-brown but it can be light brown or even slightly yellow, depending on the fat content in the diet. However, a very yellow liver is an abnormal finding, except in chicks between 1 to 5 days of age





The gallbladder is located on the visceral surface of the right hepatic lobe. It is normally dark green in color, due to the bile located within the lumen of this thin-walled structure. During autolysis, bile pigments may leak out of the gallbladder, staining the adjacent hepatic tissues yellow to green. This bile inbibition is a normal part of autolysis and should not be confused with a lesion. Similar staining can also occur in the ascending duodenum, adjacent to the area where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty. The size of the gallbladder is variable and may be enlarged in birds that are off-feed





The gallbladder is located on the visceral surface of the right hepatic lobe. It is normally dark green in color, due to the bile located within the lumen of this thin-walled structure. During autolysis, bile pigments may leak out of the gallbladder, staining the adjacent hepatic tissues yellow to green. This bile inbibition is a normal part of autolysis and should not be confused with a lesion. Similar staining can also occur in the ascending duodenum, adjacent to the area where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty. The size of the gallbladder is variable and may be enlarged in birds that are off-feed



View of the liver on cross section. As seen here, the color and texture should be uniform. Focal or regional changes may indicate a lesion. It’s normal for a small amount of blood to ooze from the cut surface of the liver

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The lungs are tightly adhered to the dorsal rib cage. Their color should be bright pink in a fresh bird but will become increasinly more congested, wet, and dark red with autolysis, as seen here. To assess the lungs, do not over-interpret their color but rather, use a combination of visual inspection and palpation to assess the health of this tissue




The air sacs are thin membranes distributed throughout the body. In a fresh healthy bird, air sacs should be transparent but, as seen here, the membranes will become slightly cloudy after death. In over-conditioned birds, fat may be present on the air sac membranes. Inflammation of the air sacs can result in thickened membranes, opacities, or fibrin deposition. Fluid, foam, or exudate can accumulate between the air sac membranes





The proventriculus is the glandular stomach that lies between the esophagus and the gizzard. It is lined with mucosal glands that secrete digestive enzymes important in food break down. On close inspection, these glands can be seen through the serosal surface, giving it a “honeycomb-like� texture. On palpation the proventriculus should feel turgid and, its surface should be shiny tan. Look for abnormalities such as hemorrhagic lesions or neoplastic infiltrates on its surface




The serosa of the proventriculus is normally shiny, tan, and has a fine vascular pattern. In a fresh bird, on close inspection, the glands can be visualized through the mucosa. The muscular wall of the proventriculus should feel uniformly turgid. Flaccidity or dilatation of the organ might indicate an improper diet or feeding program, infection, or neuromuscular dysfunction. The external features of the ventriculus, or gizzard, should consist of alternating bands of dark red and light red smooth muscles, forming a roughly circular shape. These muscles may be covered by a thick layer of fat, as seen here. On palpation, the gizzard should be extremely firm. Thinning or laxity in the muscles may indicate inflammation, an improper diet or feeding program, or neuromuscular problems



The proventriculus in situ



The serosa of the proventriculus is normally shiny, tan, and has a fine vascular pattern. In a fresh bird, on close inspection, the glands can be visualized through the mucosa. The muscular wall of the proventriculus should feel uniformly turgid. Flaccidity or dilatation of the organ might indicate an improper diet or feeding program, infection, or neuromuscular dysfunction. The external features of the ventriculus, or gizzard, should consist of alternating bands of dark red and light red smooth muscles, forming a roughly circular shape. These muscles may be covered by a thick layer of fat. On palpation, the gizzard should be extremely firm. Thinning or laxity in the muscles may indicate inflammation, an improper diet or feeding program, or neuromuscular problems






Close-up of the glands of the proventriculus as seen through the outer wall





Close-up view of the glands of the proventriculus as seen from the mucosal surface


The contents of the proventriculus can vary from mucoid and creamy to more formed pieces of ingesta, depending on how recently the bird ate



View of the serosal surface of the proventriculus and gizzard

View of the left side of the proventriculus and gizzard



The consistency of the gizzard contents will vary depending on the stage of digestion. Generally, it contains fibers and portions of seeds. Additionally, small pebbles, ingested to facilitate the break up of food, may also be present







The spleen is located dorsal to the gizzard

On very close inspection, the spleen as a slight stippled pattern


On very close inspection, the spleen as a slight stippled pattern




View of the cut section of the spleen. On cross section, the spleen may appear slightly granular due to the variations in red and white pulp






The duodenum has a descending and ascending loop, arranged in a U-shape. The loops are held together by a thin strip of mesentery and surround the pancreas. The appearance of the intestine can vary greatly depending on the post-mortem condition of the bird. In a fresh bird, the serosa of a healthy intestine is usually pink, smooth, and glistening. As the post-mortem interval increases, the intestinal walls will become congested, as seen here, and eventually, even a healthy loop of bowel may appear dark red. However, if the serosa has a dull granular appearance, this can be evidence of inflammation. The normal appearance of the pancreas is pale red or slightly yellow. On close inspection, its glandular nature is evident. Swelling of the pancreas can be recognized if the organ extends beyond its normal location between the loops of the duodenum






The walls of the duodenum should be smooth and uniform and offer little resistance to incision. In the proximal duodenum, the ingesta is normally mucoid and pale tan to yellow. Distal to the bile ducts, the ingesta becomes more green in color



The duodenum has a descending and ascending loop, arranged in a U-shape. The loops are held together by a thin strip of mesentery and surround the pancreas. The appearance of the intestine can vary greatly depending on the post-mortem condition of the bird. In a fresh bird, the serosa of a healthy intestine is usually pink, smooth, and glistening. As the post-mortem interval increases, the intestinal walls will become congested, as seen here, and eventually, even a healthy loop of bowel may appear dark red. However, if the serosa has a dull granular appearance, this can be evidence of inflammation. The normal appearance of the pancreas is pale red or slightly yellow. On close inspection, its glandular nature is evident. Swelling of the pancreas can be recognized if the organ extends beyond its normal location between the loops of the duodenum




The duodenum has a descending and ascending loop, arranged in a U-shape. The loops are held together by a thin strip of mesentery and surround the pancreas. The appearance of the intestine can vary greatly depending on the post-mortem condition of the bird. In a fresh bird, the serosa of a healthy intestine is usually pink, smooth, and glistening. As the post-mortem interval increases, the intestinal walls will become congested, as seen here, and eventually, even a healthy loop of bowel may appear dark red. However, if the serosa has a dull granular appearance, this can be evidence of inflammation. The normal appearance of the pancreas is pale red or slightly yellow. On close inspection, its glandular nature is evident. Swelling of the pancreas can be recognized if the organ extends beyond its normal location between the loops of the duodenum




The normal appearance of the pancreas is pale red or slightly yellow. On close inspection, its glandular nature is evident. Swelling of the pancreas can be recognized if the organ extends beyond its normal location between the loops of the duodenum





On close inspection, the pancreas has a fine glandular texture





After 10 days of age, the only remnant of the yolk sac is a small tag of scar tissue, called Meckel’s diverticulum. This tag, located on the antimesenteric side of the intestine, contains lymphoid tissue and is part of the GALT, or Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue. Meckel’s diverticulum is also an important anatomical landmark, as it is located at the junction between the jejunum and the ileum. Being able to differentiate the jejunum from the ileum is important to generating differentials for intestinal diseases. Some infections, such as coccidiosis, have a predilection for the jejunum and other diseases target the ileum






After 10 days of age, the only remnant of the yolk sac is a small tag of scar tissue, called Meckel’s diverticulum. This tag, located on the antimesenteric side of the intestine, contains lymphoid tissue and is part of the GALT, or Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue. Meckel’s diverticulum is also an important anatomical landmark, as it is located at the junction between the jejunum and the ileum. Being able to differentiate the jejunum from the ileum is important to generating differentials for intestinal diseases. Some infections, such as coccidiosis, have a predilection for the jejunum and other diseases target the ileum





At the junction between the ileum and the descending colon, are two blind-ended sacs known as the ceca. In domestic poultry, the cecae are large structures that bend over themselves, with their apices pointing caudally. The walls should be thin and semi-translucent, allowing the greenish-colored intestinal contents to be visualized within. If the walls are opaque, thin or irregular, infection should be suspected





At the junction between the ileum and the descending colon, are two blind-ended sacs known as the ceca. In domestic poultry, the cecae are large structures that bend over themselves, with their apices pointing caudally. The walls should be thin and semi-translucent, allowing the greenish-colored intestinal contents to be visualized within. If the walls are opaque, thin or irregular, infection should be suspected



At the base of the ceca, near the junction of the ileum and the descending colon, are 2 important lymphoid structures called cecal tonsils. The tissue here bulges outward slightly as it is thicker and slightly more granular




At the base of the ceca, near the junction of the ileum and the descending colon, are 2 important lymphoid structures called cecal tonsils. The tissue here bulges outward slightly as it is thicker and slightly more granular




As demonstrated here, the cecal tonsils should be opened and the mucosa examined closely. This is a common location for lesions to be detected. In inflammatory or neoplastic diseases, the tonsils may be come enlarged and mottled red and tan. In some viral infections, the lymphoid tissue may become necrotic, causing the tonsils to become red



The cecal tonsil has been opened to show the mucosa. It’s important to examine this area closely for lesions. In inflammatory or neoplastic disease, the cecal tonsils may become enlarged and mottled red and tan. In some viral infections, this lymphoid tissue may become necrotic, causing the tonsils to become red






As demonstrated here, the cecal tonsils should be opened and the mucosa examined closely. This is a common location for lesions to be detected. In inflammatory or neoplastic diseases, the tonsils may be come enlarged and mottled red and tan. In some viral infections, the lymphoid tissue may become necrotic, causing the tonsils to become red




The serosa of the ileum should be shiny, tan, and smooth, with no thickening or bulges. Be careful not to over-interpret the color of the intestinal walls as post-mortem congestion and autolysis can quickly turn the intestinal walls red or black. Because the intestinal walls are semi-translucent, look for areas of proliferation or mucosal exudate which can sometimes be visualized through the intestinal wall. At the junction between the ileum and the descending colon, are two blind-ended sacs known as the ceca. In domestic poultry, the cecae are large structures that bend over themselves, with their apices pointing caudally. The walls should be thin and semi-translucent, allowing the greenish-colored intestinal contents to be visualized within. If the walls are opaque, thin or irregular, infection should be suspected




The quality of intestinal ingesta can yield important clues about the functional status of the intestines. If the ingesta is normal, as seen here, regardless of the appearance of the intestinal wall, the intestines were likely functioning normal at the time of death. If the content is abnormal, intestinal dysfunction is present. Keep in mind that as the ingesta moves though the intestines, its color and consistency will change. In the jejunum, pictured here, the ingesta becomes slightly thicker and yellow tan in color





Distal to the ceca, the intestines continue as a short straight tube known as the descending colon. These walls should be smooth and uniform. Look for any dilatations which may indicate an obstruction due to a mechanical blockage, a scar, or another disease process



The cloaca is the common chamber for the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Here the cloaca has been opened. By the time ingesta enters the cloaca, it should have the normal color and consistency of feces and will be mixed with urates from the urinary system


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On the dorsal wall of the cloaca is a diverticulum called the Bursa of Fabricius. This structure is an important lymphoid organ. The shape of the bursa varies with species. In the chicken, it is roughly pear shaped. In ducks, geese and turkeys it is more spindle shaped. The size varies with the age of the bird. It typically reaches its maximum size between 4 to 12 weeks of age, at which time it can weigh up to 4 grams. Normally, the bursa begins to involute when the bird is approximately 3 months of age. By the time the bird reaches sexual maturity, it may no longer be evident on gross examination




On the dorsal wall of the cloaca is a diverticulum called the Bursa of Fabricius. This structure is an important lymphoid organ. The shape of the bursa varies with species. In the chicken, it is roughly pear shaped. In ducks, geese and turkeys it is more spindle shaped. The size varies with the age of the bird. It typically reaches its maximum size between 4 to 12 weeks of age, at which time it can weigh up to 4 grams. Normally, the bursa begins to involute when the bird is approximately 3 months of age. By the time the bird reaches sexual maturity, it may no longer be evident on gross examination



On the dorsal wall of the cloaca is a diverticulum called the Bursa of Fabricius. This structure is an important lymphoid organ. The shape of the bursa varies with species. In the chicken, it is roughly pear shaped. In ducks, geese and turkeys it is more spindle shaped. The size varies with the age of the bird. It typically reaches its maximum size between 4 to 12 weeks of age, at which time it can weigh up to 4 grams. Normally, the bursa begins to involute when the bird is approximately 3 months of age. By the time the bird reaches sexual maturity, it may no longer be evident on gross examination




On the dorsal wall of the cloaca is a diverticulum called the Bursa of Fabricius. This structure is an important lymphoid organ. The shape of the bursa varies with species. In the chicken, it is roughly pear shaped. In ducks, geese and turkeys it is more spindle shaped. The size varies with the age of the bird. It typically reaches its maximum size between 4 to 12 weeks of age, at which time it can weigh up to 4 grams. Normally, the bursa begins to involute when the bird is approximately 3 months of age. By the time the bird reaches sexual maturity, it may no longer be evident on gross examination






The vent, located just beneath the tail, is the external orifice of the urinary, genital and gastrointestinal systems. The normal vent is free of fecal and urate staining, swelling, redness, or evidence of trauma





This image shows the normal ovary of a sexually immature female, approximately 10 weeks of age. Here, the ovary is small and inactive



View of the dorsal aspect of the ribs. Note that the ventral ribs have been removed from the field








The kidneys consist of a right and left chain, with each chain being made up of 3 lobes. The lobes are tightly embedded in the bone of the synsacrum. They are normally red to dark mahogany brown in color and have a slightly granular texture



This image shows a detailed view of the normal texture of the kidneys




The nerves should have a creamy-white color and a slightly striated texture on close inspection. This image shows a normal ishiadic plexus in the caudal coelomic cavity




The thyroid glands should be smooth, oval, and reddish-brown in color. On very close inspection, the thyroid glands have a very fine granular appearance





A properly formed beak, shown here, is bilaterally symmetrical and the upper and lower halves should form a smooth line where they articulate




A properly formed beak is bilaterally symmetrical and the upper and lower halves should form a smooth line where they articulate. Nutritional imbalances may result in beak malformations. The color of the beak depends on the bird’s coloration, with lighter birds typically having yellow beaks. However, beak color can also be influenced by physiologic factors. For example, yellow pigment in the beak may be lost as the chicken produces more eggs






The oropharynx should be examined for any lesions. Note that birds do not have a soft palate or a discrete boundary between the oral cavity and the pharynx. The color of the oral mucosa will vary with lighter birds tending to have a pink mucosa while darker birds will have more pigment. Look for ulcers, erosions, opacities, diptheritic nodules, or other lesions



A bird’s tongue is supported by the hyobranchial apparatus, making it somewhat inflexible





The dorsal surface of the chicken tongue should be smooth and pink. There is a row of large papillae near the caudal attachment of the tongue. Inspect the tongue for any lesions such as ulcers or nodules






The dorsal surface of the chicken’s tongue is smooth and there is a row of large papillae near the caudal attachment. When inspecting the tongue, look for ulcers and erosions







On the roof of the oropharynx is a fissure, called the choana, which opens into the nasal cavity. Inspect the area around the choana for ulcers. The choana is also a good place to find respiratory exudate. Birds do not form liquid pus and inspusated exudate tends to accumulate in the choanal orifice. If exudate is present, you can collect a swab sample from the choana. The choana is surrounded by ridges and rows of sharp well-demarcated papillae that point caudally. A variety of diseases can damage the papillae, resulting in blunting



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Just caudal to the choana is the infundibular cleft. This is the opening to the Eustachian tube and it is surrounded by ridges and rows of sharp well-demarcated papilla that point caudally

منقووول
مع تحيات دكتور ابراهيم
انتهى بعون الله

استاذي الكريك دكتور مهند المحترم
شكرا لمرورك الكريم مانشرته الا هو جزء متواضع لخدمة المنتدى
تحياتي وشكرا

استاذي الكريم دكتور مهند
السلام عليكم
تبقى انت استاذنا ومعلمنا والفضل يعود لكم بانشاءهذا المنتدى الرائع الذي من خلاله استطعنا نشر ماهو مفيد ويخدم مهنة الطب البيطري وايظا من خلال هذا المتدى استطعنا على التعرف على جنابكم الكريم وزملائنا الاطباء الذي افتقدناهم من زمن طويل لكم مني كل الود والتقدير والاحترام