أطلس مصور عن تشريح الدواجن

أطلس مصور عن تشريح الدو
نبدأ عرض الأطلس الذي سيكون عبارة عن صور للتوضع الطبيعي والشكل الطبيعي للأعضاء الداخلية مع الشرح المرافق لها :


The esophagus runs down the length of the neck and, in domestic species, is interrupted by a diverticulum called the crop. The esophagus continues down the neck and empties into the proventriculus. The esophagus and crop are thin-walled and located just below the skin. Their outer surfaces should be pale tan and smooth


The mucosal surface of the esophagus should be smooth and glistening. The cranial portion contains many glands and the caudal portion has numerous longitudinal folds. The color along the entire length should be pale tan to pink. The presence of proliferative lesions may indicate a viral infection or a dietary imbalance. You can gently wash away any food material from the walls of the crop with some water but do not scrape the mucosa. Food material should wash away easily while fibrin and exudate will stick to the mucosa. Look for ulcers and erosions, which appear as red or pale depressions in the mucosa


The caudal portion of the normal esophagus has numerous longitudinal folds, as seen here




You can gently wash away any food material from the walls of the crop with some water but do not scrape the mucosa. Food material should wash away easily while fibrin and exudate will stick to the mucosa. Look for ulcers and erosions, which appear as red or pale depressions in the mucosa





You can gently wash away any food material from the walls of the crop with some water but do not scrape the mucosa. Food material should wash away easily while fibrin and exudate will stick to the mucosa. Look for ulcers and erosions, which appear as red or pale depressions in the mucosa





The trachea should be uniform in color, ranging from pale pink to tan or white and the external surface should be smooth. Upper respiratory disease may produce tracheal lesions that are sometimes visible on the outer surface. Look for discoloration, nodules, or irregularities in the tracheal cartilages




The trachea is a thin tube completely encircled by small cartilagenous rings. The trachea should be uniform in color, ranging from pale tan to white and the external surface should be smooth. Look for discoloration, nodules, or irregularities in the tracheal cartilages





The trachea is a thin tube completely encircled by cartilagenous rings. The trachea should be uniform in color, ranging from pale pink to tan or white and the external surface should be smooth. Upper respiratory disease may produce tracheal lesions that are sometimes visible on the outer surface. Look for discoloration, nodules, or irregularities in the tracheal cartilages





At the terminal end of the trachea lies the syrinx, a flattened area at the junction of the trachea and the primary bronchi. The syrinx is responsible for generating vocal sounds




Since the diameter of the syrinx is significantly smaller than that of the trachea, examine this area closely for
occlusions caused by exudate, fungal mats, or parasites



Since the diameter of the syrinx is significantly smaller than that of the trachea, examine this area closely for occlusions caused by exudate, fungal mats, or parasites


View of the inside lumen of the trachea


The left jugular vein of the bird, seen here, is much larger than the left


The left jugular vein of the bird, seen here, is much larger than the left. The vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves are closely associated with the veins



The vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves run parallel with the jugular veins








The glands should be smooth, oval, and reddish-brown in color. On very close inspection, the thyroid glands have a very fine granular appearance



Just caudal to the thyroid glands are the small pale pink parathyroid glands. The right parathyroid gland, seen here, lies directly adjacent to the right thyroid gland. The left parathyroid gland is slightly separated from the left thyroid gland



The thymus is a bilateral chain of structures, located in the lateral neck region. each side is composed of 4 to 7 lobes. In chickens less than 17 weeks of age, the thymus should be visible but normally regresses around the time of sexual maturity

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أعتذر جل الاعتذار عن الغياب عن المنتدى في الفترة الماضية ولكنها لظروف خاصة خارجة عن ارادتي ... شكراً لكم



الألفاظ هي الثياب التي ترتديها أفكارنا . . فيجب ألا تظهر أفكارنا في ثياب رثة بالية
فزين أفكارك قبل مشاركة الآخرين بها


تنبيه للاعضاء تود إدارة المنتدى ان تؤكد لكافة الاخوة الاعضاء بانه يمنع نشر أي مادة إعلامية تسيء للاديان أو تدعو للفرقة المذهبية او للتطرف ، كما يحظر نشر الاخبار والتعليقات المسيئة لاي كيان , شخص , دولة أو شعب، حيث ان ذلك يعتبر خروج صريح عن سياسة المنتدى ، كما قد يعرض المشارك الى المساءلة النظامية من الجهات الرسمية ذات العلاقة، شاكرين ومقدرين للجميع حسن التزامهم باهداف ومبادىء المنتدى.
ااخوكم الدكتور ابراهيم



The lobes of the thymus, normally present only in immature birds, are pale tan to pink in color




The avian brain has a smooth surface, with no gyri or sulci. Its cortex should appear smooth and glistening and the right and left sides should be symmetrical



This image shows a detailed view of the surface of the normal cerebrum



The 3 muscles involved in flight in the bird, called the pectoral muscles, lie on either side of the keel bone. These muscles are very large, making them ideal for body muscle assessment. The muscles should be smooth and have a relatively uniform texture



The pectoral muscles can be removed from the keel and ribs in order to examine them more closely. Look for areas of necrosis, inflammation, or hemorrhage




With the muscles removed, look for areas of necrosis, inflammation, or hemorrhage. A series of parallel cuts through the muscle bellies can facilitate this assessment


The eyelids should be free of swelling or exudate from ocular discharge




The eyelids should be free of swelling or exudate from ocular discharge





The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane. It should be light pink in color and free of any redness, swelling, or exudate



The eye has been removed from the skull showing the full extent of the orbit





The ears in the bird are simple ostea, with no external pinna. The openings should be free of swelling, exudate, or other material





The comb and wattles are outgrowths of skin that are highly vascularized, making them a useful way to assess the bird's overall health. They are normally bright red but their color will quickly fade after death. However, they should remain firm and uniform on palpation. look for abnormalities such as edema, petechiae, necrosis, cyanosis, papules and ulcers




The infraorbital sinuses are triangular-shaped cavities, located rostroventral to the eyes. The sinuses are air-filled lumens, with one opening into the nasal cavity and the other into the caudal nasal cavity




As seen here, the legs bones of the should be straight and symmetrical




The leg bones should be straight and symmetrical. Palpate the bones for fractures and calluses and the joints for swelling or effusion. Flex and extend all the joints to assess range of motion, keeping in mind the effects of rigor mortis

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Digital pads cover the plantar surface of the birds’ feet. These pads are composed of thick skin and adipose tissue. In the center of the foot, there is a large central metatarsal pad. The pads should be soft, free of scabs, swellings, edema, hemorrhages, or other lesions





In the center of the foot, there is a large central metatarsal pad. The pads should be soft, free of scabs, swellings, edema, hemorrhages, or other lesions





In birds housed on the floor, claws will normally come to a blunt tapered end, as seen here. Claws may be somewhat sharper in birds housed in cages. Curling or fraying claws are abnormal findings





Birds have several types of feathers distributed across various regions of their body including down, body feathers, and flight feathers. Look for abnormalities in feather conformation such as warping or malformed barbs and barbules. Make note of any body regions that are missing feathers. Feathers are normally distributed along tracks on the body, called pterylae. These tracks are interspersed with featherless tracts called apteria. Keep in mind, that not all feather loss is abnormal. Seasonal feather molting is a normal physiologic process. Additionally, females who are incubating eggs may have an area on their abdomen lacking feathers, called the brood patch. In non-pathologic feather loss, the skin will appear healthy. In cases of pathologic feather loss, such as excessive feather picking by the bird, or its cage mates, the skin will be traumatized





This image shows a typical “down� feather




The skin in the chicken is normally very thin and the amount of pigment varies from pink to black, depending on the coloration of the bird. The skin should be free of exudate and have little or no scale. Look for any lesions or evidence of ectoparasites





Feathers are normally distributed along tracks on the body, known as pterylae, seen here. These tracks are interspersed with featherless areas called apteria. Patches of feather loss may be due to normal physiologic processes, such as seasonal molting. Pathologic feather loss can result from trauma and infection and is associated with skin lesions





The uropygial, or preen gland, is located dorsal to the base of the tail. This cutaneous gland secretes an oily substance that birds spread over their feathers during preening. These secretions help maintain normal healthy feathers






The body of the gland is located subcutaneously and its two lobes can sometimes be visualized beneath the skin, as seen here. The gland’s duct exits externally through a small papilla. Infected glands may result in swelling and reddening of the surrounding skin





Cartilage should be smooth, shiny, and white with a slightly blue tinge, as seen here. Look for degenerative changes and roughed, discolored areas





In a young bird, cut the long bone of the leg lengthwise to examine the epiphysis. Nutrient or mineral deficiencies can lead to poor mineralization of the bone. Look for widening of the epiphyseal plate or generalized hypoplasia of the bone




منقووول

دكتور مهند المحترم
شكرا لمروركم الكريم بموضوعي
تحياتي واشواقي

تحياتي لدكتور ابراهيم .وتمنياتي له بالموفقية .
مساهمة رائعة ونتمنى منه التواصل معنا قي مجلتنا (الطبيب البيطري في كركوك ) والتي سيصدر العدد 5 منه لاحقا . شكرا للجميع .

دكتور ازاد المحترم
تحية طبية
نورت صفحتنا بتواجدك الكريم وانا اشكرك جدا لي الشرف ان اكون معكم في مجلتكم الموقرة
تحياتي