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المواضيع الأخيرة | » صرخة طبيب بيطريالإثنين فبراير 10, 2020 10:10 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» زيارة الدكتور صلاح فاضل عباس مدير عام الشركة العامة للبيطرة الى م ب نينوى الأربعاء فبراير 05, 2020 12:15 am من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» الرجاء المساعدة الثلاثاء أكتوبر 22, 2019 10:03 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» اسعار الكلاب في مصر 2019الجمعة يونيو 21, 2019 1:01 am من طرف eslamnabil » للمعرفهالجمعة أبريل 12, 2019 9:00 am من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» اغتيال الدكتور حسن خنيفس سعيدالسبت فبراير 02, 2019 12:16 am من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» شهداء الطب البيطريالأربعاء يناير 02, 2019 8:37 am من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» رسالة صريحةالأربعاء أكتوبر 17, 2018 11:45 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» مهنة الطبيب البيطري بين الضياع والبطالةالأربعاء أكتوبر 17, 2018 11:29 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» التحري عن مرض انفلونزا الطيور / الشعبة الوبائية الأربعاء أكتوبر 17, 2018 11:00 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» اهم ادوية الدواجنالجمعة أكتوبر 05, 2018 9:05 pm من طرف عادل ابراهيم زهران » جواز سفر للكلبالإثنين يوليو 10, 2017 11:15 pm من طرف Dr. Mohannad Al-Waili» اهم الامراض المشتركة بين الانسان والحيوانالأحد مارس 12, 2017 2:10 pm من طرف مصعب محمد » تنعي المستشفى الجمعة مارس 10, 2017 5:50 pm من طرف د.نعمان» الشهيد د. حيدر خلف الشمريالأربعاء فبراير 08, 2017 5:23 pm من طرف Dr.Hussein Alawsi |
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| Collection of Hair, Crusts, and Skin in the horses | |
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وليد القيسي طبيب بيطري متميز
عدد المساهمات : 513 نقاط : 749 السٌّمعَة : 9 تاريخ الميلاد : 14/02/1965 تاريخ التسجيل : 13/03/2010 العمر : 59
| موضوع: Collection of Hair, Crusts, and Skin in the horses الأربعاء ديسمبر 22, 2010 6:23 pm | |
| In: A Manual of Equine Diagnostic Procedures, Schumacher J. and Moll H.D. (Eds.). Publisher: Teton NewMedia, Jackson, WY, USA (www.tetonnm.com/). Internet Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), Last updated: 16-Jul-2010; A5406.0710
Collection of Hair, Crusts, and Skin J. Schumacher1 and H.D. Moll2 1College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA and 2Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
Skin Scrapings Skin scrapings in the horse are primarily of value for the diagnosis of microscopic ectoparasitism. Surface and burrowing mites, and some nematode larva can be identified during examination of skin scrapings. Because ectoparasitism in the horse is uncommon, and often identified by alternative methods, skin scrapings are often omitted from the routine dermatological examination. Indications For investigation of pruritic skin disease typical of a parasitic infestation. Pruritic skin disease of the limb should be investigated with skin scrapings, because chorioptic mange is occasionally a cause of skin disease involving the distal portion of the limbs of horses. • Many equine dermatologists co • nsider skin scrapings to be part of a routine dermatological examination. Materials • Hair clippers (optional) #10 or 22 scalpel blade to decrease the chance of lacerating the skin, the blade should be dulled before use. Alternatively, a bone curette can be used for scraping (Fig. 4.1). • • Glass microscope slides, coverslips and a container for transport of the slides Mineral oil, to immobilize mange mites making them easier to identify, an insecticide can be added to the mineral oil to further immobilize mites. • Figure 4.1. A bone curette can be used to collect a skin scraping. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Procedure • A site at the periphery of an unexcoriated lesion is selected. • Hair that may interfere with the scraping can be removed with a clipper. • Mineral oil is applied to the area of skin selected for scraping. The scalpel blade is held perpendicular to the surface of the skin and a large area is superficially scraped. Then a smaller area of skin within the scraped area is scraped until capillary bleeding is observed. Squeezing the skin prior to, and during deep scraping may improve collection of parasites. • The tissue collected is transferred to a glass slide and a cover slip is applied, or alternatively, transferred to a container for transport. • Samples should be examined as soon as possible to avoid distortion or escape of collected parasites. At least five samples should be examined before a negative diagnosis can be made with any confidence. • To increase diagnostic effectiveness, material from a scraping can be added to a saturated salt solution for flotation or centrifugation. Mites and ova, which rise to the top of the solution, can be found by microscopic examination of several drops of the surface solution. • Collection of Hair and Crusts for Dermatophyte Culture Diagnosis of dermatophytosis is best confirmed by fungal culture of hair, scales or crusts. Direct microscopic examination of hair, scales or crusts from affected and adjacent skin may reveal microorganisms. Because dematophytes that commonly affect horses do not fluoresce, a Wood’s lamp examination is not a reliable method of diagnosis. Indications Any focal or generalized expanding area of alopecia should be examined for dermatophytes especially if the lesions involve the head, neck, saddle or girth areas, or limbs of horses, especially young horses. Dermatophyte lesions often contain scales or crusts and may or may not be pruritic. Materials • Clean hemostats • An envelope for collection of hair and crusts A clearing agent such as 10 to 20% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Remel, Inc. 12076 Sante Fe Drive, Lenexa, KS 66215). Clearing agents digest hair and debris so that fungal elements can be seen more clearly. For identifying equine dermatophytes, using a clearing agent is not essential. • • A light microscope and microscope slides and coverslips • 70% Isopropyl alcohol or a non-antiseptic soap Dermatophyte testing medium (DTM) (Sab-Duets plates, Bacti-Labs, Mountain View, CA; Derma Tube, Remel, Inc. 12076 Sante Fe Drive, Lenexa, KS 66215; or Dermatophyte Test Medium, Blue Ridge Biologicals, Inc. Box 634 Hickory, NC 28603) (Fig. 4.2) • Figure 4.2. Dermatophyte testing medium. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Examination for Dermatophytes Procedure The lesion can be wiped with alcohol or washed with a non-antiseptic soap to decrease the growth of contaminants before hairs are collected for culture. The lesion should be dry when the specimen is collected (to decrease growth of contaminants). • Using a clean hemostat, broken hairs from the periphery of the lesion are plucked in the direction of growth. Several lesions should be sampled to increase the likelihood of isolating a dermatophyte. • For direct microscopic examination, hair and crusts are suspended in a clearing solution. If a clearing solution is unavailable, samples can be viewed in mineral oil or water. Hair and crusts are examined for hyphae and arthroconidia, using the 10 and 40x objective of the microscope. Clinicians inexperienced at direct examination of hair for identification of dermatophytes should submit specimens to a laboratory with experienced personnel. • For inoculation of DTM, clumps of hair should be teased apart and a few affected hairs are gently pressed onto the medium. Avoid penetrating the surface of the medium with the samples. Inoculation of the dermatophyte-testing medium with an excessive amount of hair may result in over-growth of contaminants. • When using DTM in a vial, the cap of the vial should not be tightened because fungi require oxygen for growth. Innoculated samples should be incubated at room temperature (for growth of Trichophyton equinum, Microsporum canis, or Microsporum gypseum) and at 37°C (for growth of Trichophyton verrucosum). • Identification of dermatophyte colonies is aided by microscopic examination (10X). A slide can be prepared by touching the colony with transparent cellophane tape and then applying the tape to a microscope slide to which a drop of water or lactophenol cotton blue has been added. • Interpretation Even experienced technicians often fail to identify dermatophytes during direct examination of infected hair. Hairs infected with dermatophytes are often fragmented, pale or swollen. Fungal spores are very small, round to oval, and often grouped as chains along the hair shaft (Fig. 4.3). • Dermatophyte colonies grow in approximately three to 14 days. Prior treatment of the horse with antifungal agents may delay growth of dermatophytes. Cultures from treated horses should be incubated for 21 days. • Dermatophytes grow as white-, beige-, or cream-colored colonies. Contaminant colonies are often black, green, gray or brown. • Growth of dermatophytes causes a rise in pH, which causes the medium to change from yellow to red around the area of colony growth. The color changes simultaneously with colony growth (Fig. 4.4). Contaminants may also cause a • red-color change in the medium, but the change is usually delayed and does not occur simultaneously with colony growth (Fig. 4.5). To correctly interpret test results, the samples must be examined daily. Identification of dermatophytes requires microscopic examination of the colonies grown on DTM. Most Microsporum species can be identified by recognizing characteristic macroconidia spores. Speciation of Trychophyton species requires additional testing that involves determining specific growth requirements. Most microbiology texts include information concerning dermatophyte identification. • Figure 4.3. Dermatophytes are rarely identified, even by experienced technicians during direct examination of infected hair. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Figure 4.4. Dermatophytes cause the medium to change from yellow to red around the area of colony growth. The color change is simultaneous with colony growth. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Figure 4.5. Contaminants may also cause a red-color change in the medium, but the change is usually delayed and not simultaneous with colony growth. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Skin Biopsy Skin biopsies are most helpful in the diagnosis of nodular skin disease. Some diffuse skin diseases cannot be diagnosed without histological examination of affected skin. A skin biopsy taken early from an untraumatized site is much more valuable than a biopsy from a chronic lesion. Multiple skin biopsies increase the chance for an accurate diagnosis. Indications • Suspected neoplastic lesions • Non-healing ulcers • Any dermatosis not responding as expected to treatment • Any dermatosis with an unusual appearance • Definitive diagnosis of skin disease for which treatment will be expensive, dangerous, or time consuming Contraindications None, although the location of the lesion may influence the type of biopsy taken. For example, an excisional or incisional biopsy (see Fig. 1.1) of a lesion on the back of a riding horse may be contraindicated, unless results of a less invasive biopsy technique (i.e., a needle or aspiration biopsy) indicate that an incisional biopsy is necessary for diagnosis or that excision is necessary for resolution of the lesion. • • Incisional biopsy of a sarcoid may initiate aggressive growth of the tumor. • Sites over vessels, joints, and bony prominences are best avoided. Materials • Local anesthetic solution, syringe, and a 20- to 25-ga (0.9- to 0.5-mm) needle • A 4- to 10-mm skin biopsy punch (i.e., AcuPunch Biopsy Punch, Acuderm Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309). Or • A scalpel blade, thumb forceps, needle holders, suture material (or staples), and a tongue depressor or cardboard • Fixative (usually 10% formalin) Procedure Skin should be minimally prepared so that superficial lesions are not removed during preparation. Hair can be clipped, and the site rinsed with alcohol, but skin should not be shaved or scrubbed. Use of iodine prep may interfere with staining. • Regional anesthesia with a local anesthetic agent is ideal, when possible (e.g., limbs or the perineal region), or local anesthetic agent can be injected subcutaneously directly under the site of biopsy or injected around the lesion as a ring block. • A circular piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue can be removed by continuous circular motion (in one direction only) of a skin biopsy punch (Fig. 4.6). Most pathologists prefer samples >6mm. For deep lesions, the biopsy punch can be reinserted into a site to remove more tissue. Or • Using a scalpel blade, an elliptical piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue that contains both grossly normal and abnormal skin can be removed. Biopsies of ulcerative lesions should always include an edge of normal epithelium. Vesicular and bullous lesions should be biopsied in their entirety. • After the skin is cut with a punch or scalpel blade, the subcutaneous tissue and the skin is grasped and lifted delicately with a forceps (alternatively, the biopsy specimen is held and lifted with a small gauge needle pushed through an edge of the specimen) and cut free with a scalpel blade. Some pathologists emphasize that, to avoid artifactual histopathogical changes, the biopsy specimen not be freed with a scissors. Excess blood should be removed from the sample by blotting with a gauze sponge prior to fixing. • Touch preps for cytological evaluation can be made at this time by gently rolling and pressing the sample against a microscope slide. • Elliptical biopsies should be mounted so they don’t curl during fixation. The subcutaneous side of the specimen is placed on a tongue depressor or piece of cardboard and gently pressed so that it adheres to the surface. • 10% formalin is the usual fixative for skin. Bouin’s solution is also suitable, but only for small or thin biopsies because it poorly penetrates tissue. Skin should not be stored in Bouin’s solution for over 24 hours. Michel’s fixative is sometimes used to fix skin for immunoflorescence studies when immune-mediated skin disease is suspected, but formalin-fixed skin may also be suitable for diagnosis of immune-mediated skin disease. When in doubt concerning fixation of tissue, the pathologist should be consulted before biopsies are taken. • Elliptical biopsy sites are closed with sutures or staples. Punch biopsy sites are often closed with a single suture or staple or are left to heal as an open wound. • Figure 4.6. A circular piece of diseased skin surrounding normal skin and subcutaneous tissue can be removed by continuous circular motion of an AcuPunch skin biopsy punch. - To view this image in full size go to the IVIS website at www.ivis.org . - Interpretation A pathologist with knowledge of equine skin disease should interpret samples submitted for histological examination. To aid in interpretation, a history, description of physical findings, and suspected diagnosis should always accompany the specimen. Suggested Reading Evans AG, Stannard AA. Diagnostic approach to equine skin disease. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 8:652-660, 1986. Pascoe RRR, Knottenbelt DC. Manual of Equine Dermatology. New York: WB Saunders Co; 1999:21-34. Kowalski JJ. Bacterial and mycotic infections. In: Reed SM and Bayly WM, eds. Equine Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1998:61-93. Scott DW, Miller WH. Jr. Equine Dermatology. St. Louis: Elsevier Science; 2003:59-162. This book is reproduced in the IVIS website with the permission of Teton NewMedia. The book can be purchased on-line at Teton NewMedia. Visit Teton NewMedia website All rights reserved. This document is available on-line at www.ivis.org. Document No. A5406.0710 | |
| | | Dr. Tuhfa مشرفة قسم الشعر والنثر
عدد المساهمات : 1526 نقاط : 1858 السٌّمعَة : 31 تاريخ الميلاد : 20/05/1987 تاريخ التسجيل : 20/03/2010 العمر : 37 الموقع : ♥ღϠ₡ღ♥. ماجستير - أحياء مجهرية - كلية الطب - جامعة تكريت ♥ღϠ₡ღ♥
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