Microchip Implantation

A microchip implant is an identifying [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] placed under the skin of a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], or other animal. The chips are about the size of a large grain of rice and are based on a passive [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (Radio Frequency Identification) technology.
The use of externally attached microchip devices such as RFID enabled [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (piercings rather than implants) is another, related method commonly used for identifying farm and ranch animals other than horses. In some cases the external microchips may be readable on the same scanner as the implanted style.

Uses and benefits
Microchips have been particularly useful in the return of lost [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. They can also assist where the ownership of an animal is in dispute.
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and animal control centers benefit using microchip identification products by more quickly and efficiently returning pets to their owners. When a pet can be quickly matched to its owner, the shelter avoids the expense of housing, feeding, providing medical care, and outplacing or euthanizing the pet. Microchipping is becoming increasingly standard at shelters: many require all outplaced animals to receive a microchip, and provide the service as part of the adoption package. Animal control officers are trained and equipped to scan animals.
In addition to shelters and veterinarians, microchips are used by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], breeders, brokers, trainers, registries, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], animal clubs and associations, researchers and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].
Several countries require a microchip when importing an animal to prove that the animal and the [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] record match. Microchip tagging may also be required for [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]-regulated international trade in certain rare animals; for example, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] are so tagged, in order to ensure that only captive-bred fish are imported.

System of recovery
Effective pet identification and recovery depends on the following:

• A pet owner either adopts a pet at a shelter that microchips some or all adoptee animals, or the owner with an existing pet brings it to a veterinarian (or a shelter) that provides the service.
  
• The shelter or veterinarian does a pre-scan to verify that the animal initially does not have a chip, selects a microchip from their stock, makes a note of that chip's unique ID, and then inserts the chip into the animal with a syringe. The injection requires no anesthetic.
  
• Before sending the animal home, the vet or shelter performs a test scan on the animal. This helps ensure that the chip will be picked up by a scanner, and that its unique identifying number will be read correctly.
  
• An enrollment form is completed with the chip number, the pet owner's contact information, the name and description of the pet, the shelter's and/or veterinarian's contact information, and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner. (Some shelters or vets, however, choose to designate themselves as the primary contact, and take the responsibility of contacting the owner directly. This allows them to be kept informed about possible problems with the animals they place.) The form is then sent to a registry keeper to be entered into its database. Depending on regional custom, selected chip brand, and the pet owner's preference, this registry keeper might be the chip's manufacturer or distributor, or an independent provider. In some countries a single official national database may be used. After receiving a registration fee, the registry keeper typically provides a 24-hour, toll-free telephone service for pet recovery, good for the life of the pet.
  
• The pet owner is also provided the chip ID and the contact information of the recovery service. This is often in the form of a collar tag imprinted with the chip ID and the recovery service's toll-free number, to be worn by the animal along with a certified registration certificate that can be sold/transferred with the pet. This ensures proper identification when an animal is sold or traded. A microchipped animal being sold or traded without a matching certificate could be a stolen animal.
  
• If the pet is lost or stolen, and is found by local authorities or taken to a shelter, it is scanned during intake to see if a chip exists. If one is detected, authorities call the recovery service and provide them the ID number, the pet's description, and the location of the animal. If the pet is wearing the collar tag, anyone who finds the pet can call the toll-free number, making it unnecessary to involve the authorities. (The owner can also preemptively notify the recovery service directly if a pet disappears. This is useful if the pet is stolen, and is taken to a vet who scans it and checks with the recovery service.)
  
• The recovery service notifies the owner that the pet has been found, and where to go to recover the animal.
  

Many veterinarians perform test scans on microchipped animals every time the animal is brought in for care. This ensures the chip still performs properly. Vets sometimes use the chip ID as the pet's ID in their databases, and print this number on all outgoing paperwork associated with its services, such as receipts, test results, vaccination certifications, and descriptions of medical or surgical procedures.

Components of a microchip
Microchips are passive, or inert, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] devices and contain no internal power source. They are designed so that they do not act until acted upon.
Most microchips comprise three basic elements: A silicon chip (integrated circuit); a coil [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], or a core of ferrite wrapped in copper wire; and a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. The silicon chip contains the identification number, plus electronic circuits to relay that information to the scanner. The inductor acts as a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], ready to receive electrical power from the scanner. The capacitor and inductor act as a tuner, forming an [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. The scanner presents an inductive field that excites the coil and charges the capacitor, which in turn energizes and powers the IC. The IC then transmits the data via the coil to the scanner.
These components are encased in a special [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] glass made from soda lime, and hermetically sealed to prevent any moisture or fluid entering the unit. Barring rare complications, dogs and cats are not affected physically or behaviorally by the presence of a chip in their bodies.

Implant location
In [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck, between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. Continental European pets may be an exception; they get the implant in the left side of the neck, according to one reference.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} The chip can often be manually detected by the owner by gently feeling the skin in that area. It stays in place as thin layers of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] form around the biocompatible glass which encases it.
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] are microchipped on the left side of the neck, half the distance between the poll and withers, and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane, into the nuchal ligament.
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]' microchips are injected into their breast muscles. Because proper restraint is necessary, the operation either requires two people (an avian [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and a veterinary [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]), or general [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] is administered.

Animal species
Many species of animals have been microchipped, including cockatiels and other parrots, horses, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], miniature [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], rare [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] -- even [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. The [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] uses microchipping in its research of wild [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], black-footed ferrets, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], giant land [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].

Worldwide use
Microchips are not in universal use, but there are legal requirements in some jurisdictions, such as the state of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. ^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} Some countries, such as [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], require ISO-compliant microchips on dogs and cats being brought into the country, or for the person bringing the pet into the country to also bring a microchip reader that can read the non-ISO-compliant microchip. ^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]}
In [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 are to be microchipped. Farmers protested that [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] should be exempt, drawing a parallel to the [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] of 1898. ^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]}. Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006. ^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} A [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock.
Australia has a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].
The [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] is used in the United States. (It is applicable to farm and ranch animals rather than dogs and cats, and in most species other than horses, an external eartag device is typically used rather than an implant microchip. Eartags with microchips or those having only a visible stamped number can be used; either way, the 15 digit numbering scheme of the ISO type microchips is followed, using the U.S. country code of 840.)

Cross-compatibility and Standards Issues
In most countries, ID chips used in pets follow an international standard, enabling wide compatibility between the chips and scanners. But in the U.S., [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], along with the international type. Scanner models distributed to U.S. shelters and vets well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types. (These "types" are also known as transmission protocols or standards) But now, several scanner models with quad-read capability are available, and increasingly, vets and shelters are considering these required equipment. Older scanner models continue to be distributed, and may be in use for some time, so U.S. pet owners still face a choice of getting a chip that gets best coverage on the older style scanners in use locally, or a chip with best acceptance in international travel. The four types include:

• The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type is the pet chip type with the most international acceptance, being common in many countries including those of Europe since the late 1990s, and now widely adopted in Canada. It is one of two chip protocol types (along with the "Half Duplex" type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals) which conform to [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], or ISO, standards [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. To support international/multivendor application, each of these chips contains either a manufacturer code^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} (99 manufacturer codes from 900 to 998 are supported.) or a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (Values below 900 are assigned as country codes.) along with its main identifying serial number.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} In the U.S., the distributing organizations that introduced this type of pet chip have faced controversy. When 24PetWatch.com in 2003 and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004 began distributing them, many shelter scanners in use couldn't read them. (Some still can't; asking local shelters about this may be a good idea even today.) At least one of the Banfield-chipped pets was discovered to have been needlessly euthanized,^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} and Americans debated the cause. Specifically, did this happen because "foreign" chips were sold to unsuspecting pet owners, or because scanners which were passed off as a Shelter-Grade product couldn't cope with "internationally standardized" chips? Or maybe both?
  

• The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type used in U.S. pets beginning in 1990^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]}. Then, due to patent problems, Trovan's implanter device was withdrawn from distribution in the United States and they became uncommon in U.S. pets, although Trovan's original registry database "infopet.biz" remained in operation. In early 2007, the [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s chip registration database service, "akccar.org", which had earlier been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron/Digital Angel corp., began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter. These chips are read by the Trovan, HomeAgain (Destron Fearing), and Bayer (Black Label) readers. Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID ^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} to license the technology to read the Trovan chips, AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips.
  

• A third type sometimes known as FECAVA type or Destron type^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} is available under various brand names. These include, in the U.S., "Avid Eurochip", the common current 24PetWatch chips, and the original (and still popular) style of HomeAgain chips. (although on request, U.S. HomeAgain and 24Petwatch now can supply the true ISO chip instead.) Chips of this type have 10 digit [hexadecimal] chip numbers. This "FECAVA" type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the U.S., and has been less controversial, although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط][ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط][ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} The ISO standard has an annex (appendix) describing three older chip types considered worthy of legacy support by scanners, and a 35-bit "FECAVA"/"Destron" type is one of them.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} The common Eurochip/HomeAgain chips don't really agree with the annex description perfectly, although the differences might be considered overlookable by some.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} But the ISO standard also makes it clear^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} that even chips (like the Trovan Unique chip) that do match one of the descriptions in the Annex are not "conformant"; only its 64-bit "full-duplex" and "half-duplex" types are "conformant". More visibly, the "FECAVA" type can't fit the ISO standard's required country codes or manufacturer codes. These chips, when implanted in traveling pets, may possibly be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO chips are the norm, but not those that require literal ISO conformance. (France is an example mentioned by one reference.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]})
  

• Finally, there's the AVID brand Friendchip type, which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics. The simple fact that a cryptographic feature is provided in a chip would not necessarily be unwelcome; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a chip design that outputs an ID number "in the clear" for anyone to read, and, in addition, has authentication features for use by scanners that know how to use them, for detection of counterfeit chips. But the "Friendchips" have been found lacking in actual authentication features, and rather easy to counterfeit well enough to fool the AVID scanner. Although there's no authentication encryption involved, there is obfuscation encryption, meaning decryption secrets are needed, to convert what the chip transmits into its original label ID code. Well into 2006, scanners containing the secrets were provided to the U.S. market only by AVID and Destron/Digital Angel Corp.; Destron/Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some, but not all, of its scanners possibly as early as 1996. (For years, typically its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain had full decryption, while many sold to vets would just flash a message that an AVID chip had been found.) And well into 2006, both of these were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the U.S. shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with full ability to read ISO pet chips. Some complained^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners (compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan) outside the U.S., and by keeping such technology out of the U.S., it could be considered partly culpable in the missed-ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} In 2006, the European manufacturer Datamars, a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others, gained access to the decryption secrets, and began supplying scanners using them to U.S. customers. This "Black Label" scanner was the first four-standard full-multi pet scanner in the U.S. market. Then later in 2006 Digital Angel Corp. announced^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} it would supply a full-multi scanner in the U.S.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} Finally in 2008 AVID itself announced^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} a "breakthrough" scanner, although AVID's is still so uncommon in the field as of December 2009 that it's unclear whether it has support for the Trovan chip. Trovan itself also got the decryption technology somehow along the way, by 2006 or earlier, and now provides it in scanners distributed in the U.S. by AKC-CAR. (Some of these are quad-read, but others lack full support for the ISO chip.)
  

Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of "frequency". One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the U.S. endangered their customers' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a "different frequency" from the local shelter's scanner, or that the U.S. government considered forcing a change to a chip type that didn't operate at the same frequency as existing chips. The spread of these claims was little challenged by the manufacturers and distributors of the ISO chips, although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation. In fact, all the pet chips operate slaved to the frequency of the scanner, and in practice, the ISO chips, although by design optimized to work best when given excitation energy at 134.2 kilohertz, have quite good readability working with 125 kilohertz excitation. Likewise, the "125 kilohertz" chip types are readable at 134.2 kilohertz. Confirmation of this comes from government filings which indicate that the supposed "multi-frequency" scanners now commonly available are really single-frequency scanners (each operating at 125 or 134.2 kHz, or an in-between frequency like 128 kHz.) In particular, the U.S. HomeAgain scanner didn't really change its excitation frequency when ISO-read capability was added; it's still a single frequency, 125 kHz scanner.^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]}
Banfield Pet Hospitals for a length of time advocated and practiced double chipping with both ISO and "FECAVA" type chips. (By December 2009 they had switched back to ISO-only.) A consequence of an animal having multiple chips for any reason, whether by design or by oversight, is that, since typical shelter scanners stop scanning after finding one chip,^{[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]} and "Which one" can't be predicted, all of an animal's chip numbers need to be kept on file and address-updated with an appropriate database keeper for life. Presumably Banfield's enrollment forms had a space for "second chip number." The on-line enrollment forms of most registries could use some improvement in this regard. For best protection, the owner of multi-chipped pet may want to have each chip separately enrolled in its most customary or manufacturer-provided registry.

This article available at:
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
if you would like to review the references
Greetings:
Dr. Hanaa

Thanks Dr. Hanaa for this detailed information to the subject.

As mentioned in the article that this method is used in many species of animals , but according to what I read in the article, use the microchips to be practical in pets and animals shelters more than farm animals because of the need to use a scanner to read the chips.

According to was published in FAO page on website , a group of researchers has been used of chips in a research on the monitoring of migration of wild birds in Southeast Asia to Europe and vice versa for the purpose of monitoring and control the epidemiology of Avian Influenza in wild birds through the use of GPS system and Satellite .


Greetings

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]